To preserve India’s history and culture stored in ancient documents and transcripts, the tools required for high-quality digitization are still not easily available, explains Sachchidanand Joshi, member secretary, executive and academic head, Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts (IGNCA). The New Indian Express,
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How do you see the role of IGNCA evolving in the contemporary global scenario, especially in the light of India 2047?
In the contemporary context and especially in line with the vision of India 2047, culture must be seen as both the foundation and the force behind development. As our Prime Minister has said – “Virasat bhi, vikas bhi” – (heritage along with development). When development draws strength from our heritage, it becomes more productive, sustainable and deeply rooted in our identity.
The government plans to institutionalize Gyan Bharatam. Your comments.
The National Manuscript Mission was originally launched by IGNCA. Large scale documentation and digitization took place under the leadership of IGNCA. Now, with the launch of Gyan Bharatam, the scope of this effort has expanded significantly.
Do you see digitalization as a tool for preservation or cultural democratization?
I would say it serves both purposes. Digitization is, first of all, an essential conservation tool. When scholars or researchers want to study manuscripts, they are not always allowed to handle the original copies, as this may cause damage over time. Therefore, digitization provides a secure way to access and study these materials. At the same time, digitalization expands reach and also serves as a tool of cultural democratization.
What is the role of IGNCA in setting national standards for digital preservation and collection of manuscripts?
One of our major initiatives was the National Cultural Audiovisual Archives (NCAA) project. We worked extensively on it, and it eventually became the world’s first trusted digital repository for audiovisual content, a recognition we received through formal certification. Based on that experience, we have also developed a set of standard operating procedures for digital archives, digital preservation and related processes.
What are the biggest challenges in digitizing ancient manuscripts?
There are many challenges, both technical and emotional. On the technical side, some of the advanced systems and equipment required for high-quality digitalization are still not easily available in our country. Therefore, we are seeking assistance from external experts who can help us with the latest technologies and global best practices.
Another challenge is that digital protection is also not completely foolproof. A few years ago, microfilming was a safe long-term option. But it remains safe only in monochrome, whereas digitization captures the richness of colors and details. Therefore, we are working on developing a foolproof digital repository that ensures both durability and quality.
There is also an emotional challenge. Many individuals or families who possess manuscripts are reluctant to part with them because of emotional attachment. They often fear that by handing over their manuscripts they may lose ownership or recognition. People should understand that this is a national mission, aimed at preserving our collective heritage for future generations. The third major challenge is the lack of comprehensive data. We still don’t know exactly how many manuscripts exist across the country. Therefore a detailed, nationwide survey is necessary.
How are you ensuring long-term conservation of manuscripts and rare texts?
IGNCA has developed some of the best technical expertise in the country for digitization and management of manuscript repositories. We also have a state-of-the-art conservation unit that looks after the entire conservation process of manuscripts – from cleaning and repairs to preventive conservation.
What is your current vision for IGNCA?
We explore how deeply rooted these Indian knowledge traditions are in the present context, not only in philosophy and religion, but also in areas such as mathematics, science and medicine.